Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognizes the fundamental right of freedom of conscience and religion, the principle of equality and non-discrimination on religious grounds, and the principle of secularism and neutrality of the state. However, the legislative development of these principles is str...

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Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor: Torres Gutiérrez, Alejandro
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universidad Pública de Navarra
Repositorio:Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarra
OAI Identifier:oai:academica-e.unavarra.es:2454/54996
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2454/54996
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Religious freedom
Non-discrimination
Religious neutrality
Religious groups
Religious minorities
Spain
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spelling Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in SpainTorres Gutiérrez, AlejandroReligious freedomNon-discriminationReligious neutralityReligious groupsReligious minoritiesSpainThe Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognizes the fundamental right of freedom of conscience and religion, the principle of equality and non-discrimination on religious grounds, and the principle of secularism and neutrality of the state. However, the legislative development of these principles is strongly stratified, and different levels of rights can be distinguished, depending on whether we are speaking about confessions with an agreement (Catholic Church, evangelicals, Jews, and Muslims), those with a mere declaration of well-known roots (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Buddhists, Orthodox, and Bahá’ís), and the rest of the confessions merely registered in the Register of Religious Entities (Hinduism, Taoism, Sikhism, Church of Scientology, etc.). Only the Catholic Church has access to the income tax allocation, and only denominations with an agreement enjoy the main tax benefits, or religious teaching in schools. The declaration of notorious rootedness has very limited effects at present (recognition of marriage and the mere expectation of signing a cooperation agreement with the state, provided there is political will to do so). It is, therefore, necessary to opt for a model of common law, which is more neutral and applies equally to all religious groups.This research was carried out in the context of the project “Asymmetries in the financial, patrimonial and social security regime of religious confessions” (PID2023-147184NB-I00), of which Professors Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez and Óscar Celador Angón are the main researchers, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “FEDER/UE”, and the European Union. MICIU/AEI/10.13039/50110001103. And the Project: “EUROPIA-On-Wheels summer school for the socio-cultural evolution of the European Values, Principles, Identity and Awareness”, financed by the European Union, Erasmus+ Programme; Key action 2: Cooperation partnerships; Sector: Higher education. PIC 999888029. Grant Agreement No.: 2022-1-PL01-KA220-HED-000086334.MDPIDerechoZuzenbideaInstitute for Advanced Social Research - ICOMMUNITAS2025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2454/54996reponame:Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarrainstname:Universidad Pública de NavarraInglésinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/European Commission/ERASMUS+/2022-1-PL01-KA220-HED-000086334info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2023-147184NB-I00© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:academica-e.unavarra.es:2454/549962026-06-17T12:41:47Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
title Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
spellingShingle Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
Torres Gutiérrez, Alejandro
Religious freedom
Non-discrimination
Religious neutrality
Religious groups
Religious minorities
Spain
title_short Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
title_full Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
title_fullStr Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
title_full_unstemmed Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
title_sort Asymmetries, lights, and shadows of the legal situation of religious minorities in Spain
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Torres Gutiérrez, Alejandro
author Torres Gutiérrez, Alejandro
author_facet Torres Gutiérrez, Alejandro
author_role author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Derecho
Zuzenbidea
Institute for Advanced Social Research - ICOMMUNITAS
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Religious freedom
Non-discrimination
Religious neutrality
Religious groups
Religious minorities
Spain
topic Religious freedom
Non-discrimination
Religious neutrality
Religious groups
Religious minorities
Spain
description The Spanish Constitution of 1978 recognizes the fundamental right of freedom of conscience and religion, the principle of equality and non-discrimination on religious grounds, and the principle of secularism and neutrality of the state. However, the legislative development of these principles is strongly stratified, and different levels of rights can be distinguished, depending on whether we are speaking about confessions with an agreement (Catholic Church, evangelicals, Jews, and Muslims), those with a mere declaration of well-known roots (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Buddhists, Orthodox, and Bahá’ís), and the rest of the confessions merely registered in the Register of Religious Entities (Hinduism, Taoism, Sikhism, Church of Scientology, etc.). Only the Catholic Church has access to the income tax allocation, and only denominations with an agreement enjoy the main tax benefits, or religious teaching in schools. The declaration of notorious rootedness has very limited effects at present (recognition of marriage and the mere expectation of signing a cooperation agreement with the state, provided there is political will to do so). It is, therefore, necessary to opt for a model of common law, which is more neutral and applies equally to all religious groups.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2454/54996
url https://hdl.handle.net/2454/54996
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
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info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2023-147184NB-I00
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rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarra
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