The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale
In three studies we examined, from an attachment perspective, the utility and the validity of a scale assessing followers’ perceptions of leaders as security providers (LSPS). Based on the literature, we designed a 15-item scale tapping the five functions of a security-enhancing attachment figure (s...
| Autores: | , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | artículo |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2019 |
| País: | España |
| Recursos: | Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid |
| Repositorio: | Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:journals.copmadrid.org:jwop/art/jwop2019a20 |
| Acesso em linha: | https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a20 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palavra-chave: | Follower-leader bond, Burnout, Transformational leadership, Authentic leadership, Attachment figure. Vínculo seguidor-líder, Agotamiento emocional, Liderazgo transformador, Liderazgo auténtico, Figura de apego. |
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The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale Desarrollo y validación de la escala del líder como proveedor de seguridad |
| title |
The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale |
| spellingShingle |
The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale Molero, Fernando Follower-leader bond, Burnout, Transformational leadership, Authentic leadership, Attachment figure. Vínculo seguidor-líder, Agotamiento emocional, Liderazgo transformador, Liderazgo auténtico, Figura de apego. |
| title_short |
The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale |
| title_full |
The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale |
| title_fullStr |
The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale |
| title_sort |
The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider Scale |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Molero, Fernando Mikulincer, Mario Laguía, Ana |
| author |
Molero, Fernando |
| author_facet |
Molero, Fernando Mikulincer, Mario Laguía, Ana |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Mikulincer, Mario Laguía, Ana |
| author2_role |
author author |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Follower-leader bond, Burnout, Transformational leadership, Authentic leadership, Attachment figure. Vínculo seguidor-líder, Agotamiento emocional, Liderazgo transformador, Liderazgo auténtico, Figura de apego. |
| topic |
Follower-leader bond, Burnout, Transformational leadership, Authentic leadership, Attachment figure. Vínculo seguidor-líder, Agotamiento emocional, Liderazgo transformador, Liderazgo auténtico, Figura de apego. |
| description |
In three studies we examined, from an attachment perspective, the utility and the validity of a scale assessing followers’ perceptions of leaders as security providers (LSPS). Based on the literature, we designed a 15-item scale tapping the five functions of a security-enhancing attachment figure (secure base, safe haven, proximity seeking, emotional ties, and separation distress) within organizational contexts. The scale showed acceptable reliability and a one-factor structure in all the studies. In Study 1 (N = 237), the LSPS was positively associated with transformational leadership and inversely associated with passive-avoidant leadership. Moreover, employees’ perceptions of their leader as a security provider made a unique contribution to their satisfaction with the manager and perception of the manager’s efficacy. In Study 2 (N = 263), the LSPS was positively associated with authentic leadership. Employees’ ratings of their leader on the LSPS were positively associated with employees’ organizational identification, work engagement, and work satisfaction. In Study 3 (N = 263), we found that employees’ perceptions of their leader as a security provider had a protective effect on their job burnout. The findings indicate that research on the follower-leader relationship can benefit from the adoption of an attachment perspective. |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2019 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/published |
| format |
article |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a20 |
| url |
https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a20 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
Inglés |
| language_invalid_str_mv |
Inglés |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
/*ref*/M. D. S. Ainsworth(1991) . Attachment across the life cycleRoutledge (), 33-51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000029 /*ref*/B. J. Avolio, B. M. Bass(2004) . Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireMind Garden (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000029 /*ref*/B. J. Avolio, W. L. Gardner, F. O. Walumbwa, F. Luthans, D. R. May(2004) Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly 15(), 801-823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003 /*ref*/A. B. Bakker, E. Demerouti, W. Verbeke(2004) Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management 43(), 83-104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004 /*ref*/R. A. Barry, B. Lakey, E. Orehek(2007) Links among attachment dimensions, affect, the self, and perceived support for broadly generalized attachment styles and specific bonds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33(), 340-353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102 /*ref*/B. M. Bass(1985) . Leadership and performance beyond expectationsFree Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102 /*ref*/J. Bowlby(1982) . Attachment and loss: Vol.1. AttachmentBasic Books (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102 /*ref*/J. Bowlby(1988) . A secure-base: Clinical applications of attachment theoryRoutledge (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102 /*ref*/K. A. Brennan, C. L. Clark, P. R. Shaver(1998) . Attachment theory and close relationshipsGuildford Press (), 46-75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102 /*ref*/C. G. Breshahan, I. I. Mitroff(2007) Leadership and attachment theory. American Psychologist 62(), 607-608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X62.6.607 /*ref*/R. Davidovitz, M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, R. Izsak, M. Popper(2007) Leaders as attachment figures: Leaders’ attachment orientations predict leadership-related mental representations and followers’ performance and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93(), 632-650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.632 /*ref*/R. C. Fraley, K. E. Davis(1997) Attachment formation and transfer in young adults’ close friendships and romantic relationships. Personal Relationships 4(), 131-144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x /*ref*/S. Freud(1939) . The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund FreudHogarth Press XVIII(), 109-111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x /*ref*/A. F. Hayes(2013) . Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approachGuilford Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x /*ref*/C. Hazan, P. R. Shaver(1994) Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry 5(), 1-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1 /*ref*/H. Hetland, G. M. Sandal, T. B. Johnsen(2007) Burnout in the information technology sector: Does leadership matter?. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 16(), 58-75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320601084558 /*ref*/T. Keller(2003) Parental images as a guide to leadership sense making: An attachment perspective on implicit leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly 14(), 141-160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00007-9 /*ref*/M. Laguna, E. Mielniczuk, N. Razmus, J. A. Moriano, M. J. Gorgievski(2016) Cross-culture and gender invariance of the Warr (1990) job-related well-being measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 90(), 117-125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12166 /*ref*/H. K. S. Laschinger, C. A. Wong, A. L. Grau(2013) Authentic leadership, empowerment and burnout: A comparison in new graduates and experienced nurses. Journal of Nursing Management 21(), 541-552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.05.012 /*ref*/U. Lorenzo-Seva, P. J. Ferrando(2006) FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavior Research Methods 38(), 88-91 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192753 /*ref*/F. Mael, B. E. Ashforth(1992) Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior 13(), 103-123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202 /*ref*/C. Maslach, W. B. Schaufeli, M. P. Leiter(2001) Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology 52(), 397-422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 /*ref*/O. Mayseless(2010) Attachment and the leader-follower relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 27(), 271-280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360904 /*ref*/O. Mayseless, M. Popper(2007) Reliance on leaders and social institutions: An attachment perspective. Attachment and Human Development 9(), 73-93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730601151466 /*ref*/M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver(2016) . Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and changeGuilford Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730601151466 /*ref*/F. Molero, I. Cuadrado, M. Navas, J. F. Morales(2007) Relations and effects of transformational leadership: A comparative analysis with traditional leadership styles. Spanish Journal of Psychology 10(), 358-368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006624 /*ref*/F. Molero, P. Recio, I. Cuadrado(2010) Transformational and transactional leadership: An analysis of the factor structure of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Spanish sample. Psicothema 22(), 495-501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006624 /*ref*/J. A. Moriano, F. Molero, J. P. Levy Mangin(2011) Liderazgo auténtico. Concepto y validación del cuestionario ALQ en España. Psicothema 23(), 336-341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006624 /*ref*/M. Popper, K. Amit(2009) Influence of attachment style on major psychological capacities to lead. Journal of Genetic Psychology 170(), 244-267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320903218307 /*ref*/M. Popper, O. Mayseless(2003) Back to basics: Applying a parenting perspective to transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly 14(), 41-65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320903218307 /*ref*/S. Ronen, M. Mikulincer(2012) Predicting employees’ satisfaction and burnout from managers’ attachment and caregiving orientation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 21(), 828-849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202 /*ref*/S. Ronen, M. Mikulincer(2014) . The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theoryOxford University Press (), 109-126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202 /*ref*/M. Salanova, W. B. Schaufeli, S. Llorens, J. M. Peiró, R. Grau(2000) Desde el burnout al engagement: ¿una nueva perspectiva?. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones 16(), 117-134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202 /*ref*/W. B. Schaufeli, A. B. Bakker, M Salanova(2006) The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire. A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement 66(), 701-716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0196-x /*ref*/ B. Schaufeli, M. P. Leiter, C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, M. P. Leiter(1996) . The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Test manualConsulting Psychologists Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0196-x /*ref*/ R. Shaver, M. Mikulincer, A. W. Kruglanski, E. T. Higgins(2007) . Social Psychology Handbook of Basic PrinciplesGuilford Press (), 650-677 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0196-x /*ref*/S. J. Trinke, K. Bartholomew(1997) Hierarchies of attachment relationships in young adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 14(), 603-625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407597145002 /*ref*/M. Uhl-Bien, R. E. Riggio, K. B. Lowe, M. K. Carsten(2014) Followership theory: A review and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly 25(), 83-104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.007 /*ref*/F. O. Walumbwa, B. J. Avolio, W. L. Gardner, T. S. Wernsing, S. J. Peterson(2008) Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management 34(), 89-126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913 /*ref*/P. Warr(1990) The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology 63(), 193-210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x /*ref*/A. J. Wearden, N. Lamberton, L. Crook, V. Walsh(2005) Adult attachment, alexithymia, and symptom reporting: An extension to the four category model of attachment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 58(), 279-288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.09.010 /*ref*/C. Wu, S. K. Parker(2017) The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work behavior: A perspective from attachment theory. Journal of Management 43(), 1025-1049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314544745 |
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The Development and Validation of the Leader as Security Provider ScaleDesarrollo y validación de la escala del líder como proveedor de seguridadMolero, FernandoMikulincer, MarioLaguía, AnaFollower-leader bond, Burnout, Transformational leadership, Authentic leadership, Attachment figure.Vínculo seguidor-líder, Agotamiento emocional, Liderazgo transformador, Liderazgo auténtico, Figura de apego.In three studies we examined, from an attachment perspective, the utility and the validity of a scale assessing followers’ perceptions of leaders as security providers (LSPS). Based on the literature, we designed a 15-item scale tapping the five functions of a security-enhancing attachment figure (secure base, safe haven, proximity seeking, emotional ties, and separation distress) within organizational contexts. The scale showed acceptable reliability and a one-factor structure in all the studies. In Study 1 (N = 237), the LSPS was positively associated with transformational leadership and inversely associated with passive-avoidant leadership. Moreover, employees’ perceptions of their leader as a security provider made a unique contribution to their satisfaction with the manager and perception of the manager’s efficacy. In Study 2 (N = 263), the LSPS was positively associated with authentic leadership. Employees’ ratings of their leader on the LSPS were positively associated with employees’ organizational identification, work engagement, and work satisfaction. In Study 3 (N = 263), we found that employees’ perceptions of their leader as a security provider had a protective effect on their job burnout. The findings indicate that research on the follower-leader relationship can benefit from the adoption of an attachment perspective.A través de tres estudios examinamos desde una perspectiva basada en la teoría del apego la utilidad y la validez de una escala que mide la percepción que los seguidores tienen de sus líderes como proveedores de seguridad LSPS. Con base en estudios previos, se diseñó una escala de 15 elementos que cubrían las cinco funciones de la figura de apego que aumenta la seguridad (base segura, puerto seguro, búsqueda de proximidad, lazos emocionales y malestar por la separación) en contextos organizativos. En todos los estudios la escala mostraba una fiabilidad aceptable y una estructura unifactorial. En el estudio 1 (N = 237), se encontró que las puntuaciones en la escala LSPS estaban positivamente relacionadas con el liderazgo transformacional y negativamente con el liderazgo pasivo-evitador. En el estudio 2 (N = 263), se encontró que la escala LSPS estaba positivamente relacionada con el liderazgo auténtico y con la identificación organizacional, la implicación en el trabajo y la satisfacción en el trabajo de los empleados. Finalmente, en el estudio 3 (N = 263) se encontró que las percepciones de los empleados de su líder como proveedor de seguridad tenían un efecto protector sobre el burnout. Estos hallazgos en su conjunto indican que la investigación de las relaciones entre líderes y seguidores puede beneficiarse si se adopta una perspectiva basada en el apego.Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid2019info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedapplication/pdftext/htmlapplication/xmlhttps://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a20reponame:Journal of Work and Organizational Psychologyinstname:Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de MadridInglés/*ref*/M. D. S. Ainsworth(1991) . Attachment across the life cycleRoutledge (), 33-51 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000029/*ref*/B. J. Avolio, B. M. Bass(2004) . Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireMind Garden (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000029/*ref*/B. J. Avolio, W. L. Gardner, F. O. Walumbwa, F. Luthans, D. R. May(2004) Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly 15(), 801-823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003/*ref*/A. B. Bakker, E. Demerouti, W. Verbeke(2004) Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management 43(), 83-104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004/*ref*/R. A. Barry, B. Lakey, E. Orehek(2007) Links among attachment dimensions, affect, the self, and perceived support for broadly generalized attachment styles and specific bonds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33(), 340-353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102/*ref*/B. M. Bass(1985) . Leadership and performance beyond expectationsFree Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102/*ref*/J. Bowlby(1982) . Attachment and loss: Vol.1. AttachmentBasic Books (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102/*ref*/J. Bowlby(1988) . A secure-base: Clinical applications of attachment theoryRoutledge (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102/*ref*/K. A. Brennan, C. L. Clark, P. R. Shaver(1998) . Attachment theory and close relationshipsGuildford Press (), 46-75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296102/*ref*/C. G. Breshahan, I. I. Mitroff(2007) Leadership and attachment theory. American Psychologist 62(), 607-608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X62.6.607/*ref*/R. Davidovitz, M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, R. Izsak, M. Popper(2007) Leaders as attachment figures: Leaders’ attachment orientations predict leadership-related mental representations and followers’ performance and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93(), 632-650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.4.632/*ref*/R. C. Fraley, K. E. Davis(1997) Attachment formation and transfer in young adults’ close friendships and romantic relationships. Personal Relationships 4(), 131-144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x/*ref*/S. Freud(1939) . The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund FreudHogarth Press XVIII(), 109-111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x/*ref*/A. F. Hayes(2013) . Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approachGuilford Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1997.tb00135.x/*ref*/C. Hazan, P. R. Shaver(1994) Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry 5(), 1-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_1/*ref*/H. Hetland, G. M. Sandal, T. B. Johnsen(2007) Burnout in the information technology sector: Does leadership matter?. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 16(), 58-75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320601084558/*ref*/T. Keller(2003) Parental images as a guide to leadership sense making: An attachment perspective on implicit leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly 14(), 141-160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00007-9/*ref*/M. Laguna, E. Mielniczuk, N. Razmus, J. A. Moriano, M. J. Gorgievski(2016) Cross-culture and gender invariance of the Warr (1990) job-related well-being measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 90(), 117-125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12166/*ref*/H. K. S. Laschinger, C. A. Wong, A. L. Grau(2013) Authentic leadership, empowerment and burnout: A comparison in new graduates and experienced nurses. Journal of Nursing Management 21(), 541-552 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.05.012/*ref*/U. Lorenzo-Seva, P. J. Ferrando(2006) FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavior Research Methods 38(), 88-91 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192753/*ref*/F. Mael, B. E. Ashforth(1992) Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior 13(), 103-123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202/*ref*/C. Maslach, W. B. Schaufeli, M. P. Leiter(2001) Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology 52(), 397-422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397/*ref*/O. Mayseless(2010) Attachment and the leader-follower relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 27(), 271-280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509360904/*ref*/O. Mayseless, M. Popper(2007) Reliance on leaders and social institutions: An attachment perspective. Attachment and Human Development 9(), 73-93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730601151466/*ref*/M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver(2016) . Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and changeGuilford Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730601151466/*ref*/F. Molero, I. Cuadrado, M. Navas, J. F. Morales(2007) Relations and effects of transformational leadership: A comparative analysis with traditional leadership styles. Spanish Journal of Psychology 10(), 358-368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006624/*ref*/F. Molero, P. Recio, I. Cuadrado(2010) Transformational and transactional leadership: An analysis of the factor structure of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Spanish sample. Psicothema 22(), 495-501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006624/*ref*/J. A. Moriano, F. Molero, J. P. Levy Mangin(2011) Liderazgo auténtico. Concepto y validación del cuestionario ALQ en España. Psicothema 23(), 336-341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006624/*ref*/M. Popper, K. Amit(2009) Influence of attachment style on major psychological capacities to lead. Journal of Genetic Psychology 170(), 244-267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320903218307/*ref*/M. Popper, O. Mayseless(2003) Back to basics: Applying a parenting perspective to transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly 14(), 41-65 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221320903218307/*ref*/S. Ronen, M. Mikulincer(2012) Predicting employees’ satisfaction and burnout from managers’ attachment and caregiving orientation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 21(), 828-849 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202/*ref*/S. Ronen, M. Mikulincer(2014) . The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theoryOxford University Press (), 109-126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202/*ref*/M. Salanova, W. B. Schaufeli, S. Llorens, J. M. Peiró, R. Grau(2000) Desde el burnout al engagement: ¿una nueva perspectiva?. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones 16(), 117-134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202/*ref*/W. B. Schaufeli, A. B. Bakker, M Salanova(2006) The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire. A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement 66(), 701-716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0196-x/*ref*/ B. Schaufeli, M. P. Leiter, C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, M. P. Leiter(1996) . The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Test manualConsulting Psychologists Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0196-x/*ref*/ R. Shaver, M. Mikulincer, A. W. Kruglanski, E. T. Higgins(2007) . Social Psychology Handbook of Basic PrinciplesGuilford Press (), 650-677 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-011-0196-x/*ref*/S. J. Trinke, K. Bartholomew(1997) Hierarchies of attachment relationships in young adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 14(), 603-625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407597145002/*ref*/M. Uhl-Bien, R. E. Riggio, K. B. Lowe, M. K. Carsten(2014) Followership theory: A review and research agenda. Leadership Quarterly 25(), 83-104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.007/*ref*/F. O. Walumbwa, B. J. Avolio, W. L. Gardner, T. S. Wernsing, S. J. Peterson(2008) Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management 34(), 89-126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913/*ref*/P. Warr(1990) The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology 63(), 193-210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00521.x/*ref*/A. J. Wearden, N. Lamberton, L. Crook, V. Walsh(2005) Adult attachment, alexithymia, and symptom reporting: An extension to the four category model of attachment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 58(), 279-288 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.09.010/*ref*/C. Wu, S. K. Parker(2017) The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work behavior: A perspective from attachment theory. Journal of Management 43(), 1025-1049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314544745https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es_ESCopyright © 2026. Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madridinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:journals.copmadrid.org:jwop/art/jwop2019a202026-06-23T12:47:17Z |
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15,301629 |