A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil

We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environ...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Garcia Perez, Jose Fernando, Serra , Emilia, García , Oscar, Cruise, Edie Michelle, Martínez Sánchez, Clara María Isabel
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2019
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
Repositorio:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
OAI Identifier:oai:ruidera.uclm.es:10578/40482
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/10578/40482
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Family socialization
Parental strictness
Parental warmth
Parenting styles
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spelling A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and BrazilGarcia Perez, Jose FernandoSerra , EmiliaGarcía , OscarCruise, Edie MichelleMartínez Sánchez, Clara María IsabelFamily socializationParental strictnessParental warmthParenting stylesWe propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third stage for optimal parent–child relationships through the offspring’s personal and social well-being, with four adolescent samples from 11 to 19 years old (52.2% girls) from Spain (n = 689), the United States (n = 488), Germany (n = 606), and Brazil (n = 672). The offspring’s personal well-being was measured through self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), while social well-being was measured with the internalization of self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation values (security, conformity, and tradition). The parent–child parenting style was measured through parental warmth and strictness, and the adolescents’ parents were classified into one of four groups (indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and neglectful). Remarkably, the greatest personal well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth and lower parental strictness (i.e., indulgent), and the greatest social well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth (i.e., indulgent and authoritative; p < 0.05 for all countries). Consistently, poorer personal well-being and social well-being were associated with less parental warmth (i.e., authoritarian and neglectful). Findings suggest that the parent–child relationships analyzed have a common pattern associated with personal and social well-being that coincide with a proposed third stage.MDPI202520252019info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/10578/40482reponame:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLMinstname:Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaInglésinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ruidera.uclm.es:10578/404822026-05-27T07:36:41Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
title A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
spellingShingle A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
Garcia Perez, Jose Fernando
Family socialization
Parental strictness
Parental warmth
Parenting styles
title_short A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
title_full A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
title_fullStr A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
title_full_unstemmed A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
title_sort A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Garcia Perez, Jose Fernando
Serra , Emilia
García , Oscar
Cruise, Edie Michelle
Martínez Sánchez, Clara María Isabel
author Garcia Perez, Jose Fernando
author_facet Garcia Perez, Jose Fernando
Serra , Emilia
García , Oscar
Cruise, Edie Michelle
Martínez Sánchez, Clara María Isabel
author_role author
author2 Serra , Emilia
García , Oscar
Cruise, Edie Michelle
Martínez Sánchez, Clara María Isabel
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Family socialization
Parental strictness
Parental warmth
Parenting styles
topic Family socialization
Parental strictness
Parental warmth
Parenting styles
description We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third stage for optimal parent–child relationships through the offspring’s personal and social well-being, with four adolescent samples from 11 to 19 years old (52.2% girls) from Spain (n = 689), the United States (n = 488), Germany (n = 606), and Brazil (n = 672). The offspring’s personal well-being was measured through self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), while social well-being was measured with the internalization of self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation values (security, conformity, and tradition). The parent–child parenting style was measured through parental warmth and strictness, and the adolescents’ parents were classified into one of four groups (indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and neglectful). Remarkably, the greatest personal well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth and lower parental strictness (i.e., indulgent), and the greatest social well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth (i.e., indulgent and authoritative; p < 0.05 for all countries). Consistently, poorer personal well-being and social well-being were associated with less parental warmth (i.e., authoritarian and neglectful). Findings suggest that the parent–child relationships analyzed have a common pattern associated with personal and social well-being that coincide with a proposed third stage.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10578/40482
url https://hdl.handle.net/10578/40482
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
instname:Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
instname_str Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
reponame_str RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
collection RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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