Thrust vs. fold nappes

Thrust and fold nappes are found in the internal and external portion of orogenetic belts, and have been the subject of geometric and kinematic characterization during the last century. In spite the extensive studies, there is still not a full understanding of the processes and properties that favou...

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Autores: Guardia, Marc|||0000-0002-1991-8335, Griera, Albert|||0000-0003-4598-8385, Kaus, Boris J.P.|||0000-0002-0247-8660, Piccolo, Andrea, Caldera, Norbert|||0000-0002-2383-4097, Teixell, Antonio|||0000-0002-7423-6361
Formato: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Repositorio:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:ddd.uab.cat:308849
Acesso em linha:https://ddd.uab.cat/record/308849
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105314
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Thrust nappe
Fold nappe
Mechanical stratigraphy
Numerical modelling
Pyrenees
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spelling Thrust vs. fold nappesMechanical and geometrical controls from 2D numerical simulations and applications to a recumbent fold of the PyreneesGuardia, Marc|||0000-0002-1991-8335Griera, Albert|||0000-0003-4598-8385Kaus, Boris J.P.|||0000-0002-0247-8660Piccolo, AndreaCaldera, Norbert|||0000-0002-2383-4097Teixell, Antonio|||0000-0002-7423-6361Thrust nappeFold nappeMechanical stratigraphyNumerical modellingPyreneesThrust and fold nappes are found in the internal and external portion of orogenetic belts, and have been the subject of geometric and kinematic characterization during the last century. In spite the extensive studies, there is still not a full understanding of the processes and properties that favour thrusting over folding and vice versa. We address this issue by numerical modelling with application to a natural case of the Pyrenees, the Eaux-Chaudes massif, an Alpine fold-and-thrust structure in the western Axial Zone. The Eaux-Chaudes structure consists of a basement-cored recumbent fold nappe with a large reverse limb in ductilely-deformed Upper Cretaceous carbonates, transitioning laterally to the east to an imbricate thrust fan that also exhibits ductile deformation to the east. The spatio-temporal association of these structural styles at Eaux-Chaudes can be a consequence of the pre-orogenic configuration and highlights the need to investigate under which conditions and precursor geometries one or the other nappe style are favoured. Here, we present a systematic numerical modelling study of the variability in the initial mechanical and geometrical conditions, using the thermomechanical staggered finite-difference code LaMEM. We also investigate the mechanism that favour the potential migration of fold hinges and lead to the preservation of layer thickness in the reverse fold limbs, and quantify it with a new nondimensional parameter, the localisation index (I). Our results demonstrate the need of a stiff forestop for nappe development. The absence of a forestop causes detachment buckle folds in the strong layers. Deep burial and the combination of a thick upper decoupling unit and a lower detachment level are essential features favouring viscous behaviour and spatially distributed deformation, enabling recumbent folding by progressive hinge migration, and characterized by low and stable values of I. On the other hand, shallower conditions, short lengths of the stiff layer and lower friction angles inhibit hinge migration. Instead, they enhance instead reverse limb stretching and shearing, which eventually results in strain localisation and thrusting. These are characterized by a moderate-to-quick rises of I. Our results may be applicable to other orogenic belts and to other parts of the Axial Pyrenean hinterland where the Mesozoic cover has been eroded and the Alpine deformation is obscure. 22025-01-0120252025-01-01Articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://ddd.uab.cat/record/308849https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105314reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UABinstname:Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaInglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 PGC2018-093903-B-C21Agencia Estatal de Investigación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 PID2021-122467NB-C21open accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, sempre que no sigui amb finalitats comercials, i sempre que es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ddd.uab.cat:3088492026-06-06T12:50:31Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Thrust vs. fold nappes
Mechanical and geometrical controls from 2D numerical simulations and applications to a recumbent fold of the Pyrenees
title Thrust vs. fold nappes
spellingShingle Thrust vs. fold nappes
Guardia, Marc|||0000-0002-1991-8335
Thrust nappe
Fold nappe
Mechanical stratigraphy
Numerical modelling
Pyrenees
title_short Thrust vs. fold nappes
title_full Thrust vs. fold nappes
title_fullStr Thrust vs. fold nappes
title_full_unstemmed Thrust vs. fold nappes
title_sort Thrust vs. fold nappes
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Guardia, Marc|||0000-0002-1991-8335
Griera, Albert|||0000-0003-4598-8385
Kaus, Boris J.P.|||0000-0002-0247-8660
Piccolo, Andrea
Caldera, Norbert|||0000-0002-2383-4097
Teixell, Antonio|||0000-0002-7423-6361
author Guardia, Marc|||0000-0002-1991-8335
author_facet Guardia, Marc|||0000-0002-1991-8335
Griera, Albert|||0000-0003-4598-8385
Kaus, Boris J.P.|||0000-0002-0247-8660
Piccolo, Andrea
Caldera, Norbert|||0000-0002-2383-4097
Teixell, Antonio|||0000-0002-7423-6361
author_role author
author2 Griera, Albert|||0000-0003-4598-8385
Kaus, Boris J.P.|||0000-0002-0247-8660
Piccolo, Andrea
Caldera, Norbert|||0000-0002-2383-4097
Teixell, Antonio|||0000-0002-7423-6361
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Thrust nappe
Fold nappe
Mechanical stratigraphy
Numerical modelling
Pyrenees
topic Thrust nappe
Fold nappe
Mechanical stratigraphy
Numerical modelling
Pyrenees
description Thrust and fold nappes are found in the internal and external portion of orogenetic belts, and have been the subject of geometric and kinematic characterization during the last century. In spite the extensive studies, there is still not a full understanding of the processes and properties that favour thrusting over folding and vice versa. We address this issue by numerical modelling with application to a natural case of the Pyrenees, the Eaux-Chaudes massif, an Alpine fold-and-thrust structure in the western Axial Zone. The Eaux-Chaudes structure consists of a basement-cored recumbent fold nappe with a large reverse limb in ductilely-deformed Upper Cretaceous carbonates, transitioning laterally to the east to an imbricate thrust fan that also exhibits ductile deformation to the east. The spatio-temporal association of these structural styles at Eaux-Chaudes can be a consequence of the pre-orogenic configuration and highlights the need to investigate under which conditions and precursor geometries one or the other nappe style are favoured. Here, we present a systematic numerical modelling study of the variability in the initial mechanical and geometrical conditions, using the thermomechanical staggered finite-difference code LaMEM. We also investigate the mechanism that favour the potential migration of fold hinges and lead to the preservation of layer thickness in the reverse fold limbs, and quantify it with a new nondimensional parameter, the localisation index (I). Our results demonstrate the need of a stiff forestop for nappe development. The absence of a forestop causes detachment buckle folds in the strong layers. Deep burial and the combination of a thick upper decoupling unit and a lower detachment level are essential features favouring viscous behaviour and spatially distributed deformation, enabling recumbent folding by progressive hinge migration, and characterized by low and stable values of I. On the other hand, shallower conditions, short lengths of the stiff layer and lower friction angles inhibit hinge migration. Instead, they enhance instead reverse limb stretching and shearing, which eventually results in strain localisation and thrusting. These are characterized by a moderate-to-quick rises of I. Our results may be applicable to other orogenic belts and to other parts of the Axial Pyrenean hinterland where the Mesozoic cover has been eroded and the Alpine deformation is obscure.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2
2025-01-01
2025
2025-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://ddd.uab.cat/record/308849
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105314
url https://ddd.uab.cat/record/308849
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105314
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 PGC2018-093903-B-C21
Agencia Estatal de Investigación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 PID2021-122467NB-C21
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
instname:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
instname_str Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
reponame_str Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
collection Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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