Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)

[EN] LC3 (limestone calcined clay cement) is poised to become the construction industry¿s future as a so-called low-carbon-footprint cement. Research into this subject has determined the minimum kaolinite content in calcined clays to guarantee good mechanical performance. This study examines the use...

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Autores: Vargas-Samboni, Paola, Borrachero Rosado, María Victoria|||0000-0002-7873-0658, Paya Bernabeu, Jorge Juan|||0000-0001-7425-5311, Macián-Benajas, Ana María|||0000-0001-6580-7831, Soriano Martinez, Lourdes|||0000-0002-5749-4609, Tobón, Jorge Iván, Martirena, Fernando
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
Repositorio:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/230226
Acceso en línea:https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/230226
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)
Low-grade kaolinite clay
Kinetics
Mechanical properties
Carboaluminates
11.- Conseguir que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles
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repository_id_str
spelling Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)Vargas-Samboni, PaolaBorrachero Rosado, María Victoria|||0000-0002-7873-0658Paya Bernabeu, Jorge Juan|||0000-0001-7425-5311Macián-Benajas, Ana María|||0000-0001-6580-7831Soriano Martinez, Lourdes|||0000-0002-5749-4609Tobón, Jorge IvánMartirena, FernandoLimestone calcined clay cement (LC3)Low-grade kaolinite clayKineticsMechanical propertiesCarboaluminates11.- Conseguir que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles[EN] LC3 (limestone calcined clay cement) is poised to become the construction industry¿s future as a so-called low-carbon-footprint cement. Research into this subject has determined the minimum kaolinite content in calcined clays to guarantee good mechanical performance. This study examines the use of clay from the Valencian Community (Spain), which has a lower kaolinite content than the recommended amount (around 30%) for use in LC3 and how its performance can be enhanced by replacing part of that clay with metakaolin. This study begins with a physico-chemical characterisation of the starting materials. This is followed by a microstructural analysis of cement pastes, which includes isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffraction tests at different curing ages. Finally, this study analyses the mechanical performance of standard mortars under compression to observe the evolution of the control mortars and the mortars with calcined clay and metakaolin over time. The results show that the LC3 mortars exhibited higher compressive strength in the mixtures with higher calcined kaolinite contents, achieved by adding metakaolin. Adding 6% metakaolin increased the compressive strength after 90 days, while 10% additions surpassed the control mortar¿s compressive strength after 28 days. Mortars with 15% metakaolin exceeded the control mortar¿s compressive strength after just 7 curing days. The hydration kinetics showed an acceleration of LC3 hydration with metakaolin additions due to the nucleation effect and the formation of monocarboaluminate and hemicarboaluminate (both AFm phases). The results suggest the potential for combining less reactive materials blended with highly reactive materials.This study has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, 'Proyectos de Generacion de Conocimiento' of the Plan Estatal de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion 2021-2023, PID2021-125890OB-100, and also by funding grant PRE2022-101340 for Paola Vargas Samboni. The authors thank the company KAOSA S.A. for supplying natural clay and also the Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.MDPI AGDepartamento de Ingeniería de la Construcción y de Proyectos de Ingeniería CivilEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y PuertosInstituto Universitario de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología del HormigónAGENCIA ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACIONMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesRepositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politècnica de València Riunet20252025-01-01journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/230226reponame:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valénciainstname:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PID2021-125890OB-I00 ALTERNATIVAS PARA EL DESARROLLO DE CEMENTOS LC3 A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS GENERADOS EN ESPAÑAMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades https://doi.org/10.13039/100014440 PRE2022-101340open accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Reconocimiento (by)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:riunet.upv.es:10251/2302262026-06-13T07:49:27Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
title Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
spellingShingle Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
Vargas-Samboni, Paola
Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)
Low-grade kaolinite clay
Kinetics
Mechanical properties
Carboaluminates
11.- Conseguir que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles
title_short Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
title_full Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
title_fullStr Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
title_full_unstemmed Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
title_sort Optimisation of using low-grade kaolinitic clays in limestone calcined clay cement production (LC3)
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Vargas-Samboni, Paola
Borrachero Rosado, María Victoria|||0000-0002-7873-0658
Paya Bernabeu, Jorge Juan|||0000-0001-7425-5311
Macián-Benajas, Ana María|||0000-0001-6580-7831
Soriano Martinez, Lourdes|||0000-0002-5749-4609
Tobón, Jorge Iván
Martirena, Fernando
author Vargas-Samboni, Paola
author_facet Vargas-Samboni, Paola
Borrachero Rosado, María Victoria|||0000-0002-7873-0658
Paya Bernabeu, Jorge Juan|||0000-0001-7425-5311
Macián-Benajas, Ana María|||0000-0001-6580-7831
Soriano Martinez, Lourdes|||0000-0002-5749-4609
Tobón, Jorge Iván
Martirena, Fernando
author_role author
author2 Borrachero Rosado, María Victoria|||0000-0002-7873-0658
Paya Bernabeu, Jorge Juan|||0000-0001-7425-5311
Macián-Benajas, Ana María|||0000-0001-6580-7831
Soriano Martinez, Lourdes|||0000-0002-5749-4609
Tobón, Jorge Iván
Martirena, Fernando
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Departamento de Ingeniería de la Construcción y de Proyectos de Ingeniería Civil
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos
Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología del Hormigón
AGENCIA ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACION
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politècnica de València Riunet
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)
Low-grade kaolinite clay
Kinetics
Mechanical properties
Carboaluminates
11.- Conseguir que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles
topic Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)
Low-grade kaolinite clay
Kinetics
Mechanical properties
Carboaluminates
11.- Conseguir que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles
description [EN] LC3 (limestone calcined clay cement) is poised to become the construction industry¿s future as a so-called low-carbon-footprint cement. Research into this subject has determined the minimum kaolinite content in calcined clays to guarantee good mechanical performance. This study examines the use of clay from the Valencian Community (Spain), which has a lower kaolinite content than the recommended amount (around 30%) for use in LC3 and how its performance can be enhanced by replacing part of that clay with metakaolin. This study begins with a physico-chemical characterisation of the starting materials. This is followed by a microstructural analysis of cement pastes, which includes isothermal calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and X-ray diffraction tests at different curing ages. Finally, this study analyses the mechanical performance of standard mortars under compression to observe the evolution of the control mortars and the mortars with calcined clay and metakaolin over time. The results show that the LC3 mortars exhibited higher compressive strength in the mixtures with higher calcined kaolinite contents, achieved by adding metakaolin. Adding 6% metakaolin increased the compressive strength after 90 days, while 10% additions surpassed the control mortar¿s compressive strength after 28 days. Mortars with 15% metakaolin exceeded the control mortar¿s compressive strength after just 7 curing days. The hydration kinetics showed an acceleration of LC3 hydration with metakaolin additions due to the nucleation effect and the formation of monocarboaluminate and hemicarboaluminate (both AFm phases). The results suggest the potential for combining less reactive materials blended with highly reactive materials.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/230226
url https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/230226
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PID2021-125890OB-I00 ALTERNATIVAS PARA EL DESARROLLO DE CEMENTOS LC3 A PARTIR DE RESIDUOS GENERADOS EN ESPAÑA
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades https://doi.org/10.13039/100014440 PRE2022-101340
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Reconocimiento (by)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Reconocimiento (by)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI AG
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI AG
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
instname:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
reponame_str RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
collection RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_ 1869406243825647616
score 15.228081

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