Materiales Metalorgánicos estructurados (MOFs) y óxidos metálicos como catalizadores heterogéneos para la obtención de compuestos de química fina y valorización de biomasa
In this thesis a study is focused on the synthesis of organic compounds of interest in Fine Chemistry and biomass derivatives by design of more sustainable chemical processes and the use of heterogeneous catalysts with the optimal properties for each reaction. In the first approach, it has been carr...
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| Tipo de documento: | tese |
| Data de publicação: | 2017 |
| País: | España |
| Recursos: | Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) |
| Repositório: | RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia |
| Idioma: | espanhol |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/90473 |
| Acesso em linha: | https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/90473 |
| Access Level: | Acceso aberto |
| Palavra-chave: | MOFs catalizadores heterogéneos química fina nitrilos 5-hidroximetilfurfural biomasa. QUIMICA ORGANICA |
| Resumo: | In this thesis a study is focused on the synthesis of organic compounds of interest in Fine Chemistry and biomass derivatives by design of more sustainable chemical processes and the use of heterogeneous catalysts with the optimal properties for each reaction. In the first approach, it has been carried out the synthesis of nitriles, compounds of great application in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, by the dehydration of aldoximes in the presence of different heterogeneous catalysts with both acidic and basic properties. Catalytic studies showed that the best results in terms of nitrile yield and selectivity are obtained with catalysts having Lewis acid centers. Among them, the iron MOFs (MIL-100 (Fe) and Fe (BTC)) proved to be the most suitable catalysts for this reaction obtaining excellent yields and selectivity towards nitriles. By means of a post synthesis treatment with ammonium fluoride it was possible to increase the catalytic activity of MIL-100 (Fe) increasing its BET area and pore volume. Studies using IR spectroscopy and XPS analysis led to the conclusion that the catalytic activity of MIL-100 (Fe) is related to the Fe species of the crystalline lattice. It has been shown that MIL-100 (Fe) -NH4F is stable and reusable in several consecutive reaction cycles without loss of activity and has been successfully applied to the synthesis of a wide variety of nitriles. On the other hand, the synthesis of nitriles from aldoximes was carried out in the presence of several metal oxides, being cerium oxide the most active catalyst. The acid-base properties of the metal oxides were studied by the adsorption of probe molecules on their surface analyzed by IR spectroscopy. Thus, a relationship between the acid-base properties of the oxides with their catalytic activity was established, being the oxides with the strongest basic centers such as CeO2 and MgO the most active catalysts. Based on the IR studies of the aldoxime dehydration reaction on the surface of MgO and CeO2 in situ, a mechanism of reaction was proposed. Excellent yields were obtained for aromatic, aliphatic and cyclic nitriles using cerium oxide as the catalyst. In addition, CeO2 proved to be a stable and reusable catalyst being possible to be reused during four consecutive cycles without loss in its catalytic activity. The study was expanded to obtain different amides and esters with pharmacological properties from aldoximes by one-pot processes using the nanocrystalline cerium oxide as a catalyst. Finally, the work is focused on obtaining products derived from biomass, specifically on the synthesis of DFF and furylidenpropanenitrile derivatives with potential application as monomers. The DFF was obtained by carrying out the oxidation of 5-HMF in the presence of several MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts. It was shown that using the MIL-100 (Fe)-NH4F/TEMPO/NaNO2 as catalyst system for the oxidation of 5-HMF it is possible to obtain 100% yield and 100 % selectivity to DFF. In addition, this catalytic system was used for the oxidation of different primary and secondary alcohols obtaining good yields to the corresponding carbonyl compounds. Finally, in a second step the synthesis of furylidenepropanenitrile derivatives was carried out by Knoevenagel condensation between previously obtained DFF and active methylene compounds (malononitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate) obtaining excellent yields to the desired products. ¿ |
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