Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries

Background: Evidence has shown that active transportation decreases obesity rates, but considering walking or cycling as separate modes could provide additional information on the health benefts in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations between walking and cycling as form active t...

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Autores: Ferrari, Gerson Luis de Moraes, Drenowatz, Clemens, Kovalskys, Irina, Gómez Salas, Georgina, Rigotti, Attilio, Cortés Sanabria, Lilia Yadira, Yépez García, Martha Cecilia, Pareja Torres, Rossina Gabriella, Herrera Cuenca, Marianella, Del Arco, Ana Paula, Peralta, Miguel, Marques, Adilson, Leme, Ana Carolina Barco, Sadarangani, Kabir P., Guzmán Habinger, Juan Manuel, Lobos Chávez, Javiera, Fisberg, Mauro
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2022
País:Costa Rica
Institución:Universidad de Costa Rica
Repositorio:Kérwá
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:kerwa.ucr.ac.cr:10669/87618
Acceso en línea:https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-022-03577-8
https://hdl.handle.net/10669/87618
Access Level:acceso embargado
Palabra clave:EPIDEMIOLOGY
Active transportation
Physical activity
Neighborhood built environment
LATIN AMERICA
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dc.title.es_ES.fl_str_mv Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
title Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
spellingShingle Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
Ferrari, Gerson Luis de Moraes
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Active transportation
Physical activity
Neighborhood built environment
LATIN AMERICA
title_short Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
title_full Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
title_fullStr Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
title_full_unstemmed Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
title_sort Walking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countries
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Ferrari, Gerson Luis de Moraes
Drenowatz, Clemens
Kovalskys, Irina
Gómez Salas, Georgina
Rigotti, Attilio
Cortés Sanabria, Lilia Yadira
Yépez García, Martha Cecilia
Pareja Torres, Rossina Gabriella
Herrera Cuenca, Marianella
Del Arco, Ana Paula
Peralta, Miguel
Marques, Adilson
Leme, Ana Carolina Barco
Sadarangani, Kabir P.
Guzmán Habinger, Juan Manuel
Lobos Chávez, Javiera
Fisberg, Mauro
author Ferrari, Gerson Luis de Moraes
author_facet Ferrari, Gerson Luis de Moraes
Drenowatz, Clemens
Kovalskys, Irina
Gómez Salas, Georgina
Rigotti, Attilio
Cortés Sanabria, Lilia Yadira
Yépez García, Martha Cecilia
Pareja Torres, Rossina Gabriella
Herrera Cuenca, Marianella
Del Arco, Ana Paula
Peralta, Miguel
Marques, Adilson
Leme, Ana Carolina Barco
Sadarangani, Kabir P.
Guzmán Habinger, Juan Manuel
Lobos Chávez, Javiera
Fisberg, Mauro
author_role author
author2 Drenowatz, Clemens
Kovalskys, Irina
Gómez Salas, Georgina
Rigotti, Attilio
Cortés Sanabria, Lilia Yadira
Yépez García, Martha Cecilia
Pareja Torres, Rossina Gabriella
Herrera Cuenca, Marianella
Del Arco, Ana Paula
Peralta, Miguel
Marques, Adilson
Leme, Ana Carolina Barco
Sadarangani, Kabir P.
Guzmán Habinger, Juan Manuel
Lobos Chávez, Javiera
Fisberg, Mauro
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.es_ES.fl_str_mv EPIDEMIOLOGY
Active transportation
Physical activity
Neighborhood built environment
LATIN AMERICA
topic EPIDEMIOLOGY
Active transportation
Physical activity
Neighborhood built environment
LATIN AMERICA
description Background: Evidence has shown that active transportation decreases obesity rates, but considering walking or cycling as separate modes could provide additional information on the health benefts in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations between walking and cycling as form active transportation and obesity indicators in Latin American adolescents. Methods: Population-based study with 671 adolescents (mean age: 15.9 [standard deviation: 0.8] years) from eight countries participating in the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latino Americano Nutrition y Salud (ELANS). Walking and cycling for active transportation were measured using the International Physical Activity Ques‑ tionnaire long version. Body mass index, waist circumference, neck circumference, and relative fat mass were used as obesity indicators. Associations were estimated using logistic regression models for the pooled data adjusted for country, sex, age, socio-economic levels, race/ethnicity, leisure-time physical activity and energy intake. Results: Mean time spent walking and cycling was 22.6 (SD: 33.1) and 5.1 (SD: 24.1) min/day, respectively. The median values were 12.8 (IQR: 4.2; 25.7) and 0 (IQR: 0; 6.2) for walking and cycling. Participants reporting≥10 min/ week of walking or cycling for active transportation were 84.2% and 15.5%, respectively. Costa Rica (94.3% and 28.6%) showed the highest prevalence for walking and cycling, respectively, while Venezuela (68.3% and 2.4%) showed the lowest prevalence. There was no signifcant association between walking for active transportation and any obesity indicator. In the overall sample, cycling for≥10 min/week was signifcantly associated with a lower likelihood of overweight/obesity based on BMI (OR: 0.86; 95%CI: 0.88; 0.94) and waist circumference (OR: 0.90; 95%CI: 0.83; 0.97) adjusted for country, sex, age, socio-economic level, race/ethnicity, leisure-time physical activity and energy intake compared to cycling for<10 min/week. There were no signifcant associations between cycling for active transporta‑ tion and neck circumference as well as relative fat mass.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-11-07T21:05:01Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-11-07T21:05:01Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-08-30
dc.type.es_ES.fl_str_mv artículo original
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.citation.es_ES.fl_str_mv https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-022-03577-8
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 1471-2431
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10669/87618
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1186/s12887-022-03577-8
url https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-022-03577-8
https://hdl.handle.net/10669/87618
identifier_str_mv 1471-2431
10.1186/s12887-022-03577-8
dc.language.iso.es_ES.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv acceso embargado
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rights_invalid_str_mv acceso embargado
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eu_rights_str_mv embargoedAccess
dc.source.es_ES.fl_str_mv BMC Pedriatrics, vol.22, pp. 1-11
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Kérwá
instname:Universidad de Costa Rica
instacron:UCR
instname_str Universidad de Costa Rica
instacron_str UCR
institution UCR
reponame_str Kérwá
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spelling Ferrari, Gerson Luis de Moraes77340bf0-2921-4e56-8b9d-411e655fb689600Drenowatz, Clemens0a0ff2ad-4137-4689-8753-d6c0e571255dKovalskys, Irinaf9332624-3d3a-47ff-83d6-9ee4777ceabc600Gómez Salas, Georgina25247aa3-1e45-4896-b934-3054569724e2600Rigotti, Attilio496a3d65-aa55-4dfa-b457-bc10c4cb9bbb600Cortés Sanabria, Lilia Yadira04950244-9cac-4a9a-9ffd-a28cbf36da31600Yépez García, Martha Cecilia3164a9fc-a826-4580-bcf2-a3984b090475600Pareja Torres, Rossina Gabriella1cb53aa6-9b2b-41d9-ae19-e0f93d1185b9Herrera Cuenca, Marianellaa786ac04-a43a-4172-9fae-88dd0a49a88e600Del Arco, Ana Paula64ad379e-7145-4893-9fd1-2f4e853228d5600Peralta, Miguela702bb9b-48fd-486e-8c1c-e0ae84225547Marques, Adilsondd139c11-faeb-4c88-9571-25cd1282f946Leme, Ana Carolina Barco5f32f356-5f5d-4a9a-af06-5c1485bbbc2dSadarangani, Kabir P.9b2d8947-e762-41c6-93df-cff9e0c4e88cGuzmán Habinger, Juan Manuel4498eff0-8cdc-4aae-8966-0a5a7481d854Lobos Chávez, Javiera77c1e9b9-4456-4b24-bd6c-4f6fd8c037d9Fisberg, Mauro829dbc9f-146b-4065-b3ed-e7bacaca79f76002022-11-07T21:05:01Z2022-11-07T21:05:01Z2022-08-30https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-022-03577-81471-2431https://hdl.handle.net/10669/8761810.1186/s12887-022-03577-8Background: Evidence has shown that active transportation decreases obesity rates, but considering walking or cycling as separate modes could provide additional information on the health benefts in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations between walking and cycling as form active transportation and obesity indicators in Latin American adolescents. Methods: Population-based study with 671 adolescents (mean age: 15.9 [standard deviation: 0.8] years) from eight countries participating in the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latino Americano Nutrition y Salud (ELANS). Walking and cycling for active transportation were measured using the International Physical Activity Ques‑ tionnaire long version. Body mass index, waist circumference, neck circumference, and relative fat mass were used as obesity indicators. Associations were estimated using logistic regression models for the pooled data adjusted for country, sex, age, socio-economic levels, race/ethnicity, leisure-time physical activity and energy intake. Results: Mean time spent walking and cycling was 22.6 (SD: 33.1) and 5.1 (SD: 24.1) min/day, respectively. The median values were 12.8 (IQR: 4.2; 25.7) and 0 (IQR: 0; 6.2) for walking and cycling. Participants reporting≥10 min/ week of walking or cycling for active transportation were 84.2% and 15.5%, respectively. Costa Rica (94.3% and 28.6%) showed the highest prevalence for walking and cycling, respectively, while Venezuela (68.3% and 2.4%) showed the lowest prevalence. There was no signifcant association between walking for active transportation and any obesity indicator. In the overall sample, cycling for≥10 min/week was signifcantly associated with a lower likelihood of overweight/obesity based on BMI (OR: 0.86; 95%CI: 0.88; 0.94) and waist circumference (OR: 0.90; 95%CI: 0.83; 0.97) adjusted for country, sex, age, socio-economic level, race/ethnicity, leisure-time physical activity and energy intake compared to cycling for<10 min/week. There were no signifcant associations between cycling for active transporta‑ tion and neck circumference as well as relative fat mass.Coca Cola Company///Estados UnidosHospital Infantil Sabará///BrazilInternational Life Science Institute//ILSI/ArgentinaUniversidad de Costa Rica//UCR/Costa RicaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile///ChilePontificia Universidad Javeriana///ColombiaUniversidad Central de Venezuela//UCV/VenezuelaUniversidad San Francisco de Quito///EcuadorInstituto de Investigación Nutricional de Perú///PerúSão Paulo Research Foundation/[2019/24124-7]/FAPESP/BrazilUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de Medicinaengacceso embargadohttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfinfo:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccessBMC Pedriatrics, vol.22, pp. 1-11reponame:Kérwáinstname:Universidad de Costa Ricainstacron:UCREPIDEMIOLOGYActive transportationPhysical activityNeighborhood built environmentLATIN AMERICAWalking and cycling as active transportation, and obesity factors in adolescents from eight countriesartículo originalhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleORIGINAL2022.08 ELANS Walking and cycling adolescents.pdf2022.08 ELANS Walking and cycling adolescents.pdfArtículo científicoapplication/pdf1322194https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/a6fa9557-9f07-45ca-95fa-a183fe40b980/download5e7102d003ddb46db458591aa35c9aa1MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83585https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/69f62c7b-42ec-4341-9946-cec4b117dc6c/download44ae5839bc6497e3c892c5ee8e4284f1MD52TEXT2022.08 ELANS Walking and cycling adolescents.pdf.txt2022.08 ELANS Walking and cycling adolescents.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain67018https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/096c2152-a21b-40c6-80df-fe53be4af9c3/downloadd8f2a3ca282e9c1af84f293c14011c68MD53THUMBNAIL2022.08 ELANS Walking and cycling adolescents.pdf.jpg2022.08 ELANS Walking and cycling adolescents.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg2805https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/ab62f69e-2c53-4383-86f0-e2cf3ed1a56f/downloade2d8fcf4b3a62b862cb5d9bddc57fdfeMD5410669/876182024-08-22 04:53:47.236open.accessoai:kerwa.ucr.ac.cr:10669/87618https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.crInstitucionalhttp://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.crUniversidadhttp://www.ucr.ac.crhttps://kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/oai/requestmeilyn.garro@ucr.ac.crCosta RicaNo aplicaNo aplicaNo aplicaopendoar:18712025-03-29T18:05:47.252Kérwá - Universidad de Costa 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
score 15,812455

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