A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)

It has been assumed that Tetrapus female wasps (Agaonidae s.s.), the pollinators of the figs of the New World, section Pharmacosycea, are mainly characterized by the presence of one mandibular appendange only, and that it is the most ancestral clade of extant Agaonidae s.s., and the males are tetrap...

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Autor: Ramirez-Benavides, William
Tipo de documento: artigo
Estado:Versão publicada
Data de publicação:2016
País:Costa Rica
Recursos:Universidad de Costa Rica
Repositório:Portal de Revistas UCR
Idioma:inglês
OAI Identifier:oai:portal.ucr.ac.cr:article/20808
Acesso em linha:https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808
Access Level:Acceso aberto
Palavra-chave:Agaoninae
Tetrapus
Hexapus
Ficus
section Pharmacosycea
subsection Petenenses
living fossil wasps.
Chalcidoidea
sección Pharmacosycea
fósil viviente.
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oai_identifier_str oai:portal.ucr.ac.cr:article/20808
network_acronym_str CR
network_name_str Costa Rica
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
Un fósil viviente de avispas de los higos (Hymenoptera, Agaoninae) que se desarrollan en especies de higos (Moraceae) existentes en el Neotrópico
title A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
spellingShingle A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
Ramirez-Benavides, William
Agaoninae
Tetrapus
Hexapus
Ficus
section Pharmacosycea
subsection Petenenses
living fossil wasps.
Chalcidoidea
Agaoninae
Tetrapus
Hexapus
sección Pharmacosycea
fósil viviente.
title_short A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
title_full A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
title_fullStr A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
title_full_unstemmed A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
title_sort A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Ramirez-Benavides, William
author Ramirez-Benavides, William
author_facet Ramirez-Benavides, William
author_role author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Agaoninae
Tetrapus
Hexapus
Ficus
section Pharmacosycea
subsection Petenenses
living fossil wasps.
Chalcidoidea
Agaoninae
Tetrapus
Hexapus
sección Pharmacosycea
fósil viviente.
topic Agaoninae
Tetrapus
Hexapus
Ficus
section Pharmacosycea
subsection Petenenses
living fossil wasps.
Chalcidoidea
Agaoninae
Tetrapus
Hexapus
sección Pharmacosycea
fósil viviente.
description It has been assumed that Tetrapus female wasps (Agaonidae s.s.), the pollinators of the figs of the New World, section Pharmacosycea, are mainly characterized by the presence of one mandibular appendange only, and that it is the most ancestral clade of extant Agaonidae s.s., and the males are tetrapodous. The main objective of this work was to study five Tetrapus morphotypes, whose females have two mandibular appendages and the males are hexapodous, their fig host association and phylogenetic position to the family Agaonidae. The question of which group of fig pollinating wasps and associated figs are the sister to the rest of the pollinating agaonids, and figs respectively remain open. I report a group of New World extant Tetrapus morphotypes (Agaonidae: Agaoninae) provisionally assigned to Hexapus subg. nov. in preparation. Currently, Tetrapus appears as the sister taxon to all other fig pollinating taxa. Howeveer, morphologically, ecologically, geographically and historically Hexapus seems to be the ancestral clade of the extant Agaoninae. Hexapus morphotypes develop in fig species of subsection Petenenses (section Pharmacosycea). In the known extant Tetrapus, the females have one mandibular appendage and the males have reduced one or two short-lobe atrophied non-functional midlegs (tetrapodous). Hexapus females have two free mandibular appendages, and the males have five segmented functional mid-legs (hexapodous). Molecularly Hexapus seems to be the ancestral clade of extant Agaoninae; e.g., a Tetrapus sp. of Ficus crassivenosa was placed by other author as the ancestral clade of 101 wasp species, representing 19 worldwide Agaoninae genera, including four Tetrapus species. In Tetrapus sp. of Ficus crassivenosa, the female has two mandibular appendages and the male is hexapodous. The females of T. apopnus and T. delclosi, preserved in Early to mid-Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic, also have two mandibular appendages and the general morphology of extant Hexapus. I suggest that Hexapus stands up as a living fossil and the sister clade of Tetrapus s.s. The presence of extant Hexapus; as well as extant Tetrapus and their fig host species, especially in South America supports a Southern Gondwanaland origin for both of them, but not a trans-Pacific migrating connection with tropical America for section Pharmacosycea (the host of Tetrapus and Hexapus), a long oceanic dispersal, high levels of stem extinction of Tetrapus or Atlantic land connections, as proposed by other authors. However, lastly it has been assumed that figs and their pollinators arose simultaneously in Eurasia during early Tertiary and spread southwards from it. Most of the morphological and molecular studies of the fig biology of Agaoninae and Ficus, did not include Hexapus morphotypes and their fig hosts, and assumed that Tetrapus is the most ancestral clade of the extant fig pollinating wasps.
publishDate 2016
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2016-12-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Article
artículo original
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808
10.15517/rbt.v64i4.20808
url https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808
identifier_str_mv 10.15517/rbt.v64i4.20808
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/26613
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/26614
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/34943
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/34944
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/34945
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv Derechos de autor 2016 Revista de Biología Tropical
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
acceso abierto
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Derechos de autor 2016 Revista de Biología Tropical
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
acceso abierto
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv text/html
application/pdf
application/vnd.ms-office
text/rtf
application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Costa Rica
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Costa Rica
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Revista de Biología Tropical; Vol. 64 No. 4 (2016): Volume 64 – Regular number 4 – December 2016; 1721–1735
Revista de Biología Tropical; Vol. 64 Núm. 4 (2016): Volumen 64 – Número regular 4 – Diciembre 2016; 1721–1735
Revista Biología Tropical; Vol. 64 N.º 4 (2016): Volumen 64 – Número regular 4 – Diciembre 2016; 1721–1735
2215-2075
0034-7744
10.15517/rbt.v64i4
reponame:Portal de Revistas UCR
instname:Universidad de Costa Rica
instacron:UCR
instname_str Universidad de Costa Rica
instacron_str UCR
institution UCR
reponame_str Portal de Revistas UCR
collection Portal de Revistas UCR
repository.name.fl_str_mv Portal de Revistas UCR - Universidad de Costa Rica
repository.mail.fl_str_mv jorge.polanco@ucr.ac.cr
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spelling A living fossil Tetrapus fig wasp (Hymenoptera: Agaoninae) developing in extant Neotropical fig species (Moraceae: Ficus, section Pharmacosycea)Un fósil viviente de avispas de los higos (Hymenoptera, Agaoninae) que se desarrollan en especies de higos (Moraceae) existentes en el NeotrópicoRamirez-Benavides, WilliamAgaoninaeTetrapusHexapusFicussection Pharmacosyceasubsection Petenensesliving fossil wasps.ChalcidoideaAgaoninaeTetrapusHexapussección Pharmacosyceafósil viviente.It has been assumed that Tetrapus female wasps (Agaonidae s.s.), the pollinators of the figs of the New World, section Pharmacosycea, are mainly characterized by the presence of one mandibular appendange only, and that it is the most ancestral clade of extant Agaonidae s.s., and the males are tetrapodous. The main objective of this work was to study five Tetrapus morphotypes, whose females have two mandibular appendages and the males are hexapodous, their fig host association and phylogenetic position to the family Agaonidae. The question of which group of fig pollinating wasps and associated figs are the sister to the rest of the pollinating agaonids, and figs respectively remain open. I report a group of New World extant Tetrapus morphotypes (Agaonidae: Agaoninae) provisionally assigned to Hexapus subg. nov. in preparation. Currently, Tetrapus appears as the sister taxon to all other fig pollinating taxa. Howeveer, morphologically, ecologically, geographically and historically Hexapus seems to be the ancestral clade of the extant Agaoninae. Hexapus morphotypes develop in fig species of subsection Petenenses (section Pharmacosycea). In the known extant Tetrapus, the females have one mandibular appendage and the males have reduced one or two short-lobe atrophied non-functional midlegs (tetrapodous). Hexapus females have two free mandibular appendages, and the males have five segmented functional mid-legs (hexapodous). Molecularly Hexapus seems to be the ancestral clade of extant Agaoninae; e.g., a Tetrapus sp. of Ficus crassivenosa was placed by other author as the ancestral clade of 101 wasp species, representing 19 worldwide Agaoninae genera, including four Tetrapus species. In Tetrapus sp. of Ficus crassivenosa, the female has two mandibular appendages and the male is hexapodous. The females of T. apopnus and T. delclosi, preserved in Early to mid-Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic, also have two mandibular appendages and the general morphology of extant Hexapus. I suggest that Hexapus stands up as a living fossil and the sister clade of Tetrapus s.s. The presence of extant Hexapus; as well as extant Tetrapus and their fig host species, especially in South America supports a Southern Gondwanaland origin for both of them, but not a trans-Pacific migrating connection with tropical America for section Pharmacosycea (the host of Tetrapus and Hexapus), a long oceanic dispersal, high levels of stem extinction of Tetrapus or Atlantic land connections, as proposed by other authors. However, lastly it has been assumed that figs and their pollinators arose simultaneously in Eurasia during early Tertiary and spread southwards from it. Most of the morphological and molecular studies of the fig biology of Agaoninae and Ficus, did not include Hexapus morphotypes and their fig hosts, and assumed that Tetrapus is the most ancestral clade of the extant fig pollinating wasps.Se ha asumido que las hembras de las avispas Tetrapus (Agaonidae s.s.), las polinizadoras de los higos de la sección Pharmacosycea del Nuevo Mundo, se caracterizan principalmente por la presencia de un solo apéndice mandibular, que es el clado más ancestral de los Agaonidae s.s. existentes y los machos son tetrápodos. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar algunos morfotipos de avispas Tetrapus, cuyas hembras poseen dos apéndices mandibulares y los machos tres pares de patas funcionales (hexápodos); su asociación con sus higos hospederos y la posición filogenética en la familia Agaonidae. Cuestiono cuál grupo de avispas polinizadoras de los higos, constituye el grupo hermano de otras avispas polinizadoras de los higos (Agaonidae). Informo sobre un grupo de avispas (Tetrapus: Agaoninae) existentes, provisionalmente asignado a Hexapus subg. nov. en preparación. Morfológica, ecológica, geográfica e históricamente, Hexapus parece ser el clado ancestral de los polinizadores de higos Agaoninae existentes. Los morfotipos de Hexapus se desarrollan en especies de higos de la subsección Petenenses (sección Pharmacosycea). Las hembras de Tetrapus existentes tienen únicamente un apéndice mandibular y los machos tienen uno o dos lóbulos cortos, en lugar de las patas medias y por lo tanto no son funcionales (tetrápodos). Las hembras de Hexapus tienen dos apéndices mandibulares libres y los machos tienen patas medias funcionales con cinco segmentos (hexápodos). Molecularmente, Hexapus parece ser el clado ancestral de los Agaoninae existentes; por ejemplo, una especie de Tetrapus de Ficus crassivenosa fue colocado por otros autores como el clado ancestral de 101 especies de avispas que representan 19 géneros de Agaoninae mundiales, incluidas cuatro especies de Tetrapus. En Tetrapus sp. de Ficus crassivenosa, la hembra tiene dos apéndices mandibulares y el macho es hexápodo. Las hembras de T. apopnus y T. delclosi, descritas del Mioceno Temprano (Burdigaliense), conservadas en ámbar de la República Dominicana, también tienen dos apéndices mandibulares y la morfología general de Hexapus existente. El autor sugiere que Hexapus representa un fósil viviente y es un clado hermano de Tetrapus s.s. La presencia de Hexapus y Tetrapus actuales, y sus higos hospederos, especialmente en Suramérica, sugieren que tienen un origen en la Gondwana meridional del Cretácico. La presencia de Hexapus y Tetrapus en el Nuevo Mundo, no parece apoyar una conexión migratoria a través del Pacífico con América tropical, para los higos de la sección Pharmacosycea (los hospederos de Tetrapus y Hexapus), una amplia dispersión transoceánica, altos niveles de extinción básica de Tetrapus y conexiones terrestres a través del Atlántico, propuesto por otros autores. Sin embargo, últimamente se ha aceptado que los higos y sus polinizadores se originaron simultáneamente en Eurasia, durante el Terciario Primario y se diseminaron hacia el sur. La mayoría de estudios morfológicos y moleculares de biólogos de los Agaoninae y Ficus, no incluyeron morfotipos de Hexapus, o sus especies hospederas de Ficus y aceptadaron que Tetrapus es el clado más ancestral de las avispas polinizadoras de los higos existentes.Universidad de Costa Rica2016-12-01info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionArticleartículo originalhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articletext/htmlapplication/pdfapplication/vnd.ms-officetext/rtfapplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.documenthttps://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/2080810.15517/rbt.v64i4.20808Revista de Biología Tropical; Vol. 64 No. 4 (2016): Volume 64 – Regular number 4 – December 2016; 1721–1735Revista de Biología Tropical; Vol. 64 Núm. 4 (2016): Volumen 64 – Número regular 4 – Diciembre 2016; 1721–1735Revista Biología Tropical; Vol. 64 N.º 4 (2016): Volumen 64 – Número regular 4 – Diciembre 2016; 1721–17352215-20750034-774410.15517/rbt.v64i4reponame:Portal de Revistas UCRinstname:Universidad de Costa Ricainstacron:UCRenghttps://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/26613https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/26614https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/34943https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/34944https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/20808/34945Derechos de autor 2016 Revista de Biología Tropicalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0acceso abiertohttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2022-06-09T17:58:04Zoai:portal.ucr.ac.cr:article/20808Portal de revistashttps://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/Universidadhttp://www.ucr.ac.crhttps://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/index/oaijorge.polanco@ucr.ac.crCosta RicaNo aplicaNo aplicaNo aplicaopendoar:2025-08-13T10:18:54.128Portal de Revistas UCR - Universidad de Costa Ricafalse
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